Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers Class 12 Notes Chemistry Chapter 11 1. Alcohols and phenols may be classified as monohydric, dihydric, trihydric or polyhydric according to number of hydroxyl groups they contain one, two, three or many respectively in their molecules. 2. Primary (1°), secondary (2°) and tertiary (3°) alcohols are those in which as the…
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Haloalkanes and Haloarenes Class 12 Notes Chemistry Chapter 10 1. Haloalkanes are classified as fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo compounds according to the type of halogen present and as mono-, di- tri-, tetra- haloalkanes, etc., according to the one, two, three, four, etc., halogen atoms respectively present in their molecule. 2. Alkyl halides are further…
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Coordination Compounds Class 12 Notes Chemistry Chapter 9 1. Coordination compounds contain a central atom (or cation) which is coordinated to a suitable number of anions or neutral molecules and usually retain their identity in solution as well as in solid state. These may be a positively charged, negatively charged or a neutral species, [Co(NH3)6]3+,…
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The d and f Block Elements Class 12 Notes Chemistry Chapter 8 1. The elements lying in the middle of Periodic Table between s-block and p-block elements (i.e between group 2 and 13) are known as d-block or transition elements. 2. There are three transition series each of 10 elements: (i) First transition series: It…
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The p-Block Elements Class 12 Notes Chemistry Chapter 7 I Group 15 Elements: The Nitrogen Family 1. In group 15 of the Periodic Table, the elements, nitrogen (7N), phosphorus (15P), arsenic (33As), antimony (51Sb) and bismuth (83Bi) are present. 2. (a) The elements of this group can exhibit various oxidation states ranging between -3 to+…
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General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements Class 12 Notes Chemistry Chapter 6 1. Minerals: The natural substance in which the metals or their compounds occur in the earth is called minerals. 2. Ores: The minerals from which the metals can be conveniently and economically extracted are called ores. 3. Native ores: These ores…
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Surface Chemistry Class 12 Notes Chemistry Chapter 5 1. This phenomenon of attracting and retaining the molecules of a substance by a solid (or a liquid) on its surface resulting into a higher concentration of the molecules on the surface is known as adsorption. 2. The substance that is adsorbed is called adsorbate and the…
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Chemical Kinetics Class 12 Notes Chemistry Chapter 4 1. Chemical kinetics is the branch of chemistry which deals with the study of rates (or fastness) of chemical reactions, the factors affecting it and the mechanism by which the reactions proceed. 2. Rate of reaction is the change in concentration of reactants or products per unit…
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Electrochemistry Class 12 Notes Chemistry Chapter 3 1. Electrochemistry is the branch of chemistry which deals with the relationship between electrical energy and chemical energy and inter-conversion of one form into another. 2. An electrochemical cell consists of two metallic electrodes dipped in electrolytic solutions. The cells are of two types: (a) Electrolytic cells (b)…
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Solutions Class 12 Notes Chemistry Chapter 2 1. A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or 9. more chemically non-reacting substances. The components of a solution generally cannot be separated by filtration, settling or centrifuging. 2. A solution may be classified as solid, liquid or a gaseous solution. 3. Solubility is defined as the…
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